ABSTRACT  
Microbial contamination plays a massive role in spreading diseases globally. Bacterial contamination of gram- positive, spore-forming bacteria, gram-negative rods, and fungus was tested on Indian rupee notes of various denominations. Bacteria and fungus were identified on almost all of the cash notes that were analyzed. Overall, our findings indicated that banknotes are contaminated with pathogenic germs and intestinal microorganisms and could be a source of severe infection. The present study recommends that paper currency be converted into plastic currency notes to avoid infections.
Keywords: Contamination, fomites, Indian currency notes, infectious diseases, bacteria, fungi.

ABSTRACT  
Tobacco smoking has a range of detrimental effects on the musculoskeletal system and is a risk factor for poor postoperative outcomes following various surgical operations. The study’s objective was to look at the impact of smoking on shoulder operations and clinical results in the younger age group. According to the findings, smoking is linked to rotator cuff tears, shoulder dysfunction, and shoulder discomfort. Shoulder injuries involving several tendons are a severe problem for surgeons, and we must decrease the unfavourable risk factors by quitting smoking before shoulder surgery in order to have an optimal functional outcome.
Keywords: Smoking, Rotator Cuff Tear, Arthroscopy, Shoulder, Tobacco, Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.

ABSTRACT  
Hemoglobin estimation by cyanmethemoglobin method was carried out in the present study. The intensity of the color  was  measured by  colorimeter and  autoanalyser. The  samples were  collected from  St  Isabel’s  Hospital, Chennai and estimation of hemoglobin was done in autoanalyser. The remaining sample was transported to Loyola Health Centre, Chennai and then estimation of hemoglobin was performed with colorimeter. The readings obtained from colorimeter and autoanalyser  processed statistically and was compared. Results indicates the insignificant variation between the autoanalyser and colorimeter for  estimation of Hemoglobin respectively. Autoanalyser detects more anemic cases than colorimetric method. However, in resource poor condition where laboratory cannot afford expensive autoanalyser, colorimeter can be used as a suitable alternative.
Keywords: Colorimeter, Autoanalyser, Hemoglobin.

ABSTRACT  
Dengue fever develops with modifications in lab reports beginning the third day. It can appear on the fifth day with values reestablished to typical by the eleventh day. The examination results are applicable within the portrayal of organic markers in the advancement of the infection. They may be utilized as markers for the most severe structures along these lines empowering early assistance with the adaption of helpful lead for explicit patients. Seventy-three patients were analyzed for dengue fever. More significant variation was found in disease courses for the aged in hemoglobin and platelet count values. However, there was no significant difference between groups for the other forms of the disease, and the values were similar through the evolution. During the disease course, lymphocytosis was observed in all states, especially in the under-old age group. In all groups, thrombocytopenia was observed, and an increased AST enzyme occurred at the beginning of the disease.
Keywords: Arbovirus, hyponatraemia, thrombocytopenia, dengue, fever.

ABSTRACT
Patient blood management is a crucial area introduced in almost all medical specialities, such as cardiac surgery, anaesthesiology, and orthopaedic surgery, but the PBM is even more critical in emergency obstetric care. Obstetric haemorrhage is one of the most frequent causes of maternal demise. Due to many factors such as comorbidities and physiological changes, estimating blood loss and the precise demand for blood transfusion during pregnancy is difficult. Numerous guidelines are available to assess the need for blood transfusion; however, the developed countries form all those guidelines used in developing countries. As a result, we investigated the various forms of blood transfusion reactions during pregnancy. We also looked at the frequency and risk variables for postpartum blood transfusion responses. Since patient blood management plays a vital role in minimizing Obstetric haemorrhage, we have also reviewed the guidelines for blood transfusion in obstetrics.
Keywords: Blood transfusion, Patient blood management, Obstetric haemorrhage, Blood transfusion reactions, morbidity.