ABSTRACT
Alcohol and tobacco consumption are significant social and economic health issues, causing liver, kidney, blood cancer, central nervous system, and hematopoietic system issues. Anaemia is a common condition among smokers and regular drinkers, as alcohol and tobacco consumption cause early red blood cell destruction, increasing the risk of anaemia. This study measures total red blood cell count, haemoglobin, total white blood cell count, mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), MCH concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and platelets in moderate-smoking individuals. Results show that smokers and alcoholics have haematological parameter disorders. Assessing low haemoglobin levels in smokers and alcoholics will contribute to raising awareness of haematological parameter disorders.
Keywords: Alcohol, tobacco, cancer, haemoglobin, smokers, alcoholics

ABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising technology with the potential to revolutionise healthcare delivery and improve patient outcomes. This comprehensive review explores the transformative impact of AI in the context of healthcare, focusing on its applications, challenges, and potential benefits. By leveraging AI algorithms, advanced data analytics, and machine learning techniques, India has the opportunity to overcome existing healthcare disparities, enhance diagnostic accuracy, optimise resource allocation, improve patient engagement, and strengthen public health interventions. However, significant barriers such as data privacy, ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, infrastructure limitations, and skill development need to be addressed for AI to fully realise its potential. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of AI in healthcare, highlights successful case studies, and outlines future directions for implementation.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, healthcare, diagnostic, public health, data privacy

ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disorder that requires early detection and effective management. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) evaluation has emerged as a valuable tool in diagnosing diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated 62 cases, with 21 diabetic and 41 non-diabetic, and found a significant p-value for HbA1c levels. The mean HbA1c level was 6.36, with a standard deviation of 1.90 and a variance of 3.6189. Comparative analysis showed an increased case detection rate in HbA1c testing. HbA1c testing improves accuracy and convenience of diabetes diagnosis, correlates with long-term glycemic control, and is a prognostic marker for cardiovascular risk. The study highlights the importance of incorporating HbA1c testing into clinical practice, monitoring treatment effectiveness and guiding therapeutic decisions. The findings support the growing recognition of HbA1c as a reliable diagnostic tool for diabetes mellitus, with its ability to reflect average blood glucose levels over a prolonged period. Further research is needed to explore its applicability across different populations and establish standardized guidelines for HbA1c interpretation and utilization.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, HbA1c, Diagnostic tool, Glycemic control, Fasting, Post prandial

ABSTRACT  
The hypersensitive, palpable nodules known as myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are located along muscular bundles. They frequently affect the shoulder girdle  & cervical  muscles. The muscle most usually affected is the trapezius. Trigger points in the neck are thought to be present in 85% of patients who visit pain clinics, and they affect women more frequently than males. In this study we see the effect of Instrumented assisted soft tissue mobilisation (IASTM) on upper trapezius myofascial trigger point. Most studies in our review study reported the IASTM’s usefulness in treating upper trapezius trigger points, but additional research is required.
Keywords: IASTM, Upper trapezius, trigger point , M2t blade, Myofascial pain syndrome, Neck pain.

ABSTRACT  
A degenerative condition called knee osteoarthritis (Knee OA) causes excruciating discomfort and stiffness, which impair movement and make the knee joint disabled. When a person’s age increases, they are more likely to experience worsening symptoms and a higher prevalence of overweight knee OA. Pain, morning stiffness, oedema, decreased ROM, crepitus sound, joint damage, and extreme fatigue of muscles are the major symptoms. The incidence of knee osteoarthritis was observed to range from (22% to 39%) generally. In India, it is 28.7%. In this study considering extracorporeal shock wave therapy’s (ESWT) efficiency in treating individuals with knee OA, most studies in our review reported that extracorporeal shock wave therapy usefulness in knee OA.
Keywords: Knee OA, shock wave therapy, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, physiotherapy.

ABSTRACT  
Background and purpose: This literature review objective is to appraise the outcome of Cardiac Rehabilitation for (CAD) patients. Methods: This literature review constitutes the articles which were published in 2017-2022. The evidence search was performed on Google Scholar, PubMed database and Web of science. Results: According to 34 studies incorporated in our literature review shows that cardiac rehabilitation has led to enhancing the well-being of patients suffering from (CAD). We performed a literature review of different articles, including seven studies that were randomised control trials and seven studies that were systematic reviews, and three studies that were meta-analyses providing evidence on the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation and its recent advances in (CAD) patients. Discussion: This literature review, according to selective studies, demonstrates that routine exercise habits act as a precautionary regimen in patients suffering from (CAD). It has led to enhancement in cardiovascular strength and decreasing fatness in a healthy population. Exercise Based (CR) has also shown remarkable outcomes in enhancing the well-being of patients suffering from (CAD).
Keywords: Coronary artery disease, cardiac rehabilitation, home-based cardiac telerehabilitation, exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation.