SALT Athenaeum

ABSTRACT  
Mouthwash is an aqueous solution with antibacterial, deodorant, and refreshing properties. Four different kinds of commercial mouthwashes were compared in this study to test their efficacy using the disc diffusion method; a total of forty-three oral swabs were collected. Compared to the inhibition zones of four mouthwash brands, the chlorhexidine gluconate-containing mouthwash had a better antibacterial effect.
Keywords: Mouth wash, disc diffusion method, antimicrobial, antiseptic

ABSTRACT  
Diabetes is a chronic condition caused by a malfunction of the pancreas to secrete enough insulin resulting in two conditions: hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Glucometer is used for home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM). In the present study, out of 100 patients, the difference between venous and capillary blood glucose difference is very little i.e, 2.48 g/dl by using a glucometer. The study supports the view that venous blood glucose measurements can also be used as a substitute for capillary derived specimens in the management of non-critically ill patients. Sometimes, healthcare providers shall be cautious of pseudo-hypo/hyperglycemia where the capillary blood glucose does not correlate with venous plasma glucose. Evidence-based treatment decisions shall help diabetes management in such a scenario.
Keywords: Glucose, capillary, venous, blood collection

ABSTRACT  
Genome editing is a flourishing tool that tends to be a boon for scientists to change an organism’s DNA. With genome editing technology, scientists can add, remove or alter DNA, resulting in the inactivation of target genes, acquisition of novel genetic traits, and correction of pathogenic gene mutations. Different approaches were developed to edit the genome; one among them is CRISP-Cas which was recently developed. CRISPR associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) are genome editing systems originated from prokaryotes that have allowed researchers to identify, photograph, alter, and annotate specific DNA and RNA sequences in a variety of living cells. Since using CRISPR/Cas is of low cost with high efficiency and good repeatability with a short cycle, it is used globally for genome editing. In the review, we analysed the utilisation of CRISPR/Cas as therapeutics to cure deadly diseases such as AIDS, Hepatitis B and human papillomavirus infection. Since CRISPR/Cas is cost-effective genome editing, the challenges to be faced in future due to usage of CRISPR/Cas and the areas where it can be utilised were discussed briefly in this review.
Key message: Genetic technology, genome editing, editing tool, CRISPR/Cas, cost-effective, therapeutics.

ABSTRACT  
Brain injury is an umbrella term in which there is an insult to the brain and its vital structures either through direct external injuries where fall, road traffic accidents, sports injuries assaults cause injury to grey or white matter of the brain. Or there is a secondary injury to the brain post-infectious disorders, inflammatory disorders, and autoimmune disorders. A head injury might cause loss of motor control, sensory control, poor balance, and coordination. Cognitive activity, specifical metacognition, is highly affected, causing a lack of self-awareness of actions in patients with persistent long-term symptoms. Head injury in a young adult causes long-term difficulties in learning, memory problems abstract thinking, which causes massive difficulty in their learning performance in the later stage of life. Metacognitive strategy learning and cognitive rehabilitation in the later stage of brain injury improve the learning capabilities and abstract thinking and help them improve their self-awareness and thinking capabilities.
Key message: Metacognition strategy training along with cognitive rehabilitation therapy improves the learning disability and abstract thinking in young adult with brain injury.
Keywords: Metacognition, Strategy training, Head injury, Memory, Cognition rehabilitation, learning disability.

ABSTRACT  
Tobacco smoking has a range of detrimental effects on the musculoskeletal system and is a risk factor for poor postoperative outcomes following various surgical operations. The study’s objective was to look at the impact of smoking on shoulder operations and clinical results in the younger age group. According to the findings, smoking is linked to rotator cuff tears, shoulder dysfunction, and shoulder discomfort. Shoulder injuries involving several tendons are a severe problem for surgeons, and we must decrease the unfavourable risk factors by quitting smoking before shoulder surgery in order to have an optimal functional outcome.
Keywords: Smoking, Rotator Cuff Tear, Arthroscopy, Shoulder, Tobacco, Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy.

ABSTRACT  
Hemoglobin estimation by cyanmethemoglobin method was carried out in the present study. The intensity of the color  was  measured by  colorimeter and  autoanalyser. The  samples were  collected from  St  Isabel’s  Hospital, Chennai and estimation of hemoglobin was done in autoanalyser. The remaining sample was transported to Loyola Health Centre, Chennai and then estimation of hemoglobin was performed with colorimeter. The readings obtained from colorimeter and autoanalyser  processed statistically and was compared. Results indicates the insignificant variation between the autoanalyser and colorimeter for  estimation of Hemoglobin respectively. Autoanalyser detects more anemic cases than colorimetric method. However, in resource poor condition where laboratory cannot afford expensive autoanalyser, colorimeter can be used as a suitable alternative.
Keywords: Colorimeter, Autoanalyser, Hemoglobin.

ABSTRACT  
Dengue fever develops with modifications in lab reports beginning the third day. It can appear on the fifth day with values reestablished to typical by the eleventh day. The examination results are applicable within the portrayal of organic markers in the advancement of the infection. They may be utilized as markers for the most severe structures along these lines empowering early assistance with the adaption of helpful lead for explicit patients. Seventy-three patients were analyzed for dengue fever. More significant variation was found in disease courses for the aged in hemoglobin and platelet count values. However, there was no significant difference between groups for the other forms of the disease, and the values were similar through the evolution. During the disease course, lymphocytosis was observed in all states, especially in the under-old age group. In all groups, thrombocytopenia was observed, and an increased AST enzyme occurred at the beginning of the disease.
Keywords: Arbovirus, hyponatraemia, thrombocytopenia, dengue, fever.

ABSTRACT
Patient blood management is a crucial area introduced in almost all medical specialities, such as cardiac surgery, anaesthesiology, and orthopaedic surgery, but the PBM is even more critical in emergency obstetric care. Obstetric haemorrhage is one of the most frequent causes of maternal demise. Due to many factors such as comorbidities and physiological changes, estimating blood loss and the precise demand for blood transfusion during pregnancy is difficult. Numerous guidelines are available to assess the need for blood transfusion; however, the developed countries form all those guidelines used in developing countries. As a result, we investigated the various forms of blood transfusion reactions during pregnancy. We also looked at the frequency and risk variables for postpartum blood transfusion responses. Since patient blood management plays a vital role in minimizing Obstetric haemorrhage, we have also reviewed the guidelines for blood transfusion in obstetrics.
Keywords: Blood transfusion, Patient blood management, Obstetric haemorrhage, Blood transfusion reactions, morbidity.